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Eruptions Caused Little Ice Age Scientists say that a series of volcanic eruptions in the tropics in the late 13th century brought about the Little Ice Age, a period of several hundred years during which mountain glaciers expanded and global temperatures dropped. Carbon dating of plants trapped in icecaps in Canada and Iceland and analysis of sediment in an Icelandic glacier revealed that there were likely four large volcanic eruptions beginning in 1256 and that cooling began at around that same time. Though the particles released by volcanic eruptions generally only cool the planet for a few years, the resultant growth of ice sheets and glaciers around the Arctic Ocean extended the cold period for centuries. Discuss
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Malaria Deaths May Be Double WHO Estimates A new study from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation suggests that the number of malaria deaths in 2010 was twice as high as the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate of 655,000. The discrepancy stems largely from the fact that previous studies, operating on the faulty assumption that malaria mainly kills the very young, overlooked hundreds of thousands of deaths. Data compiled in the new study indicate that 42 percent of malaria deaths occur in older children and adults. Still, both the new study and the WHO agree that malaria deaths overall are on the decline.
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Nature and Nurture Both Active in Addictions Brain scans of pairs of siblings, only one of whom is a cocaine addict, show that both have brain abnormalities that make it difficult for them to exercise self-control. The findings show that these brain abnormalities are not caused by drug use and help explain why some people are more likely to develop an addiction to drugs than others. Still, researchers do not yet understand why it is that some with this brain abnormality are able to overcome their predisposition to abuse drugs and others are not.
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